Scientific References
Every BioSyn calculator cites where its formula and constants come from. This page collects those references in one place, grouped by tool and graded by tier. External links open in a new tab and carry rel="nofollow". We grade sources the same way on every page — see theabout page for the A/B/C definitions and themethodology page for how we apply them.
How to read the tiers
- Tier 1 — Authoritative. NIST, NIH, NCBI, PubMed-indexed peer-reviewed papers. The basis for physical constants and reference methods.
- Tier 2 — Established technical. NEB, Thermo Fisher, Promega, IDT, Bio-Rad, Sigma/Merck. The basis for protocol conventions and conversion factors.
- Tier 3 — Supporting. Reputable educational resources. Used to cross-check or explain, never as a sole source for a constant.
References by calculator
Molarity Calculator
Method: M = n / V = m / (MW × V) · version 1.0 · reviewed 2026-09
- Promega Biomath — Molarity Calculator · Tier 2
- NEB NEBioCalculator · Tier 2
- NIST Chemistry WebBook · Tier 1
Dilution Calculator
Method: DF = C₁ / C₂ = V_final / V_stock; C₂ = C₁ / DF; V_stock = V_final / DF · version 1.0 · reviewed 2026-09
- Promega Biomath — Dilution Calculator · Tier 2
- NEB NEBioCalculator · Tier 2
- NIST Chemistry WebBook · Tier 1
C1V1 Calculator
Method: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ · version 1.0 · reviewed 2026-09
- Promega Biomath — Dilution Calculator · Tier 2
- NEB NEBioCalculator · Tier 2
- NIST Chemistry WebBook · Tier 1
Molar Mass Calculator
Method: M = Σᵢ (nᵢ × Aᵢ) · version 1.0 · reviewed 2026-09
- NIST Chemistry WebBook · Tier 1
- CIAAW — Standard Atomic Weights · Tier 1
Stock Solution Calculator
Method: molar: m = (M × V × MW) / purity; % w/v: m = (% × V_mL / 100) / purity · version 1.0 · reviewed 2026-09
- Promega Biomath — Molarity Calculator · Tier 2
- NEB NEBioCalculator · Tier 2
- NIST Chemistry WebBook · Tier 1
Standing reference libraries
Beyond the tool-specific citations above, these are the primary libraries we consult when adding a new calculator or checking a constant:
- NIST Chemistry WebBook · Tier 1
- NCBI — National Center for Biotechnology Information · Tier 1
- PubMed · Tier 1
- NEB NEBioCalculator · Tier 2
- Promega Biomath Tools · Tier 2
- IDT OligoAnalyzer · Tier 2
- Thermo Fisher Scientific · Tier 2
If a reference looks wrong
Citations are checked before a tool goes live, but science moves and links change. If a source no longer supports the claim it backs, or you know a better primary reference, send the page URL and the correction to us via the contact page. We review every report and update the citation when warranted.